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Well Water Filters and Systems
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pH Down Without
Chemicals |
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OXIDATION REDUCTION POTENTIAL
(ORP) | ||
| Chemical | Symbol | ORP Relative Value |
| Fluorine | F | 2.25 |
| Hydroxyl Radical | ●OH | 2.05 |
| Atomic Oxygen | O | 1.78 |
| Ozone | O³ | 1.52 |
| Hydrogen Peroxide | H2O2 | 1.30 |
| Potassium Permanganate | KMnO4 | 1.22 |
| Hypochlorous Acid | HOCl | 1.10 |
| Chlorine (Gas) | Cl2 | 1.0 |
| Oxygen | O2 | .94 |
| Sodium Hypochlorite | NaCl | .69 |
| Bromine | Br2 | .57 |
Each listed oxidizer is more powerful than sodium hypochlorite, the dominant form of chlorine. The titanium shows no evidence of corrosion, wear or noble metal coating breakdown on installations dating to 1993, and we include the titanium electrode pair in the 5 year warranty on the product. Polarity is reversed alternating cathode and anode, allowing for self-cleaning of all electrodes.
| SPECIFIC TARGET OXIDATION APPLICATIONS |
| Uric Acid, Bacteria, Virus: Swimming Pool 6.5 pH - 7.4 pH |
| Iron, Manganese, Hydrogen Sulfide: Well Water 6.4 pH - 8.0 pH to 12 ppm |
| (No chemical regeneration or supplement required.) |
The electrodes further oxidize and change the chemical form of sulfides in well water. Specific removal under wide parameters has occurred with hydrogen sulfide, sulfur bacteria and magnesium sulfate. No chemical regeneration of the filter media is required, and it rinses or backwashes with the source water. Anodyne oxygen eliminates odors in all applications while reducing filter change out frequency.
Copper Ionization:
We use conventional
copper ionization (without silver) in two different ways in its
technology (110 CU grade or better.): Our copper electrodes are
manufactured in a water soluble, non-chemical or machine oil process.
Point-of-Entry:
In both residential and
commercial applications between .1ppm and .5ppm trace ionization is
placed constantly in the water flow. Most water pipe size applications
have been addressed. When used with electronic oxidation, calcium is kept in the soft
bicarbonate form in standing pressure lines, and at fixtures. The heat
point required to precipitate calcium in the carbonate form is increased
substantially. We have specific
successful history to 26 grains of hardness, (442ppm) with a TDS level as
high as 3000. No pH histories above 8.4 have been tested. PH levels of 5.2
to 8.3 are therefore required.
Swimming Pools:
We use ionization in trace
residual amounts for swimming pool applications. Cupric ions
(Cu²+) is kept at .4 to .7ppm residual requiring ionization
for a maximum of 4 hours per
day on a 24,000 gallon swimming pool. No constant introduction of copper
occurs and the residual sanitizer in the pool is recognized by the
National Sanitation Foundation (NSF) and the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency. The Control box offers a choice of oxidation,
ionization or on/off for all swimming pool equipment. Fully
programmable models available.
Commercial and Industrial:
Sophisticated
copper ionization only systems are available for all industrial and
agricultural applications, specifically but not limited to: heating and
cooling systems, food and beverage, dispensing waste water treatment,
agricultural drip irrigation, overhead spray systems and vapor mist, and
chemical spray applications for herbicides and pesticides. Ionization
lowers the surface tension of the water, yielding less chemical usage.
Calcium is managed in bicarbonate form CA(H(CO³)² to 155°F under methods
testing approved by ETL/EPA Labs. Alkalinity of the water is also primarily
bicarbonate, reducing corrosion tendencies. These principles are
consistent with Langelier theory, though not widely known in the water
industry. Most Canadian and European water analysis are now measuring
bicarbonates.
Health benefits, without the environmental costs associated with
chemicals.
Anodyne
Oxygen and Ozone are the only known disinfectants that have the
Oxidation potential to be effective against the water borne pathogen
cryptosporidium, depending on quantity. The main advantage of the Anodyne process and ozone is, they do
not create health threatening by-products such as Dioxins,
Trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids that are created by
Chlorination.
The Anodyne process produces a more powerful and effective non-chemical method of water treatment than ozone. It should be noted that crypto levels from municipal sources are at such high levels that the system should be configured as a pretreatment for a Reverse Osmosis system. Anodyne Oxygen generates more oxygen radicals in one minute (20gr to 80gr) than most ozonators can generate in one hour (1/3 gram to 50 grams). The Anodyne process is a proprietary water purification technology that provides much greater oxidation potential than ozone. To give a comparison of oxidizing potential; if chlorine is the benchmark and ozone is exponentially more effective than chlorine, then the Anodyne process is exponentially and logarithmically more powerful than chlorine.
The
Anodyne Oxygen Process:
Water is 88% oxygen and 12% hydrogen. By
the use of low voltage electricity applied to water, the simple process of
electrolysis causes the electro-physical separation of water into oxygen
O1 and hydrogen which then forms Hydroxyl
radicals OH. The Anodyne process
creates a combination of the most powerful oxidizers available for water
disinfection, at a grams per minute level not available with
ozonation.
Advantages of the Anodyne Process When Chlorine is
Present (Regulated Water):
The primary benefit to the Anodyne
process is; oxidation benefits are obtained prior to Chlorination or bromination. Consequently, most of the oxidation and disinfection will be
performed by the oxidizers created from the Anodyne process.
Unfortunately, many public waters require halogen residuals under city,
county or state laws (49 states require halogen residuals).
The real benefit in these chemical residual waters, the oxidizers with the anodyne process do not promote the information of halogenated by-products, organic or inorganic contaminants (including halomines.) In addition, the detrimental effects of halogenations can be diminished or eliminated entirely by the Anodyne process. Chemical expenses (exclusive of finishing, sand blasting, draining due to solid rise or cyanic toxicity) fall 50 to 80%.
Additional benefits are: Reduced odors, reduced skin and eye irritation and eliminating the use of anti-chlorine shampoos. The pretreated water is blue not green and possesses remarkable clarity. Only the waters are treated and disinfected, not the swimmer. When properly used, the anodyne process reduces or eliminates the bathtub ring or swimming pool water line and produces other aesthetic benefits. The bottom line is the anodyne process will lower chemical costs due to lowering the amount of chlorine or halogens which must be added to obtain the required residual. In turn, this will lower the amount of chemicals which must be added to maintain the pH and water balance. We have several thousand applications experiences and estimates chemical reduction of 50-90%, depending on pool housekeeping, local climate, and application. Carbon dioxide is strongly recommended for commercial sites.
The
Structure of Water:
Water is an extremely stable compound. It does
not easily decompose and it does not readily ionize. Water (H2O) is composed of 2
parts hydrogen and 1 part oxygen.
Hydrogen:
When hydrogen exists in a stable
or balanced form, two atoms are joined together. This is elemental
hydrogen gas, shown symbolically as H2. The two hydrogen atoms in hydrogen gas
share two electrons.
Oxygen:
When oxygen is in its balanced form
it is O2, or elemental oxygen gas with
8 protons, 8 neutrons, and 8 electrons.
Each oxygen atom now shares 4 electrons with the other atom.
Water Molecule:
In a water molecule,
composed of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom, the hydrogen and
oxygen atoms are combined and are sharing electrons.
Arrangement of equilibrium positions of the positive and negative charges in water an ionized molecule.
Ionization:
When electricity is applied to
water, electrolysis and ionization occurs. One of the hydrogen ions breaks
away from the water molecule, the hydrogen atom now has only a proton and
no electron. By losing a negative electron it has become a positive
charged ion.
Ionization of Water:
When the hydrogen ion
breaks away, the second hydrogen atom and the oxygen atom remain together,
sharing 10 electrons. This results in one extra negative, because the
combination has one more electron than proton. This now is a single
negative charged hydroxide or hydroxyl ion.
Ions:
An atom that has acquired an
electrical or electrostatic charge is called an ion and can be considered
ionized.
Ionized atoms can be negatively or positively charged.
An ionized atom may have one or more positive or negative electrical charges. This happens when an atom gains or loses one or more electrons, thus changing the electrical balance between the protons and the electrons.
Anions:
Negative ionized atoms are anions
and have one or more electrons than they have protons.
Cations:
Positive ionized atoms are cations
and have one or more protons than they have electrons. An atom does not
lose protons it loses or gains electrons.
Ions in the Body:
Virtually all reactions
in biological systems are ionic and essential to plant and animal
life.
Everything in water and in living organisms function by electrochemical reactions. Muscles react to electro-chemical stimulation.
Most chemicals, minerals, and metals dissolved in water are electrically charged in an ionic form.
Electrically charged Water:
Ions dissolved
in water make water a good conductor of electricity and they are termed
electrolytes.
Electrolytic Conductivity:
The measurement
of conductivity of water is used to determine ionic contamination.
As an example, a sodium ion is positively charged and a chlorine ion is negatively charged. When combined, they become table salt, with a balanced electrical charge. When salt is dissolved in distilled water the sodium becomes a positive ion and the chloride becomes a negative ion and the water becomes conductive. The symbol for chlorine is Cl, and the symbol for a chlorine ion is Cl-.
Table 1. Common ions in natural water The
chemical symbol for an ion includes a plus or minus sign to indicate the
unbalanced charge. Cations Anions calcium Ca++ bicarbonates
HCO³- magnesium Mg2+ chloride Cl- sodium
Na+ sulfate SO4- - iron
Fe++ nitrate NO³- manganese Mn++
carbonate CO³- copper Cu++ phosphate PO4-
Ionization Potential: Is the energy required to
remove an electron from an atom. Ionization potential is expressed in
Volts.
Electromotive Force Series: An arrangement of
elements in order of their decreasing potential for ionization.
THE ELECTROMOTIVE SERIESElectrode Potential, VAt 25 for 1 MOLAL Metal-Ion Concentration | ||
| Magnesium | Mg²+ | -2.34 |
| Aluminum | A1³+ | -1.67 |
| Zinc | Zn²+ | -0.76 |
| Chromium | Cr³+ | -0.71 |
| Iron | Fe²+ | -0.44 |
| Cadmium | Cd²+ | -0.40 |
| Nickel | Ni²+ | -0.25 |
| Tin | Sn²+ | -0.14 |
| Lead | Pb²+ | -0.13 |
| Hydrogen | H+ | 0.00 |
| Copper | Cu³+ | +0.34 |
| Silver | Ag+ | +0.80 |
| Palladium | Pd²+ | +0.83 |
| Mercury | Hg²+ | +0.85 |
| Platinum | Pt²+ | +1.20 |
| Gold | Au²+ | +1.42 |
Electronegativity:Electronegativity was introduced by Linus Pauling in 1932 and is described by him as "the strength at which an electron is held by an atom in a bond," or further defined as: the tendency of an atom to acquire a negative charge.
Electronegativity is: a measure of electrostatic force or ionic potential of an elements' effective nuclear charge on its surface. Metals are considered to be cations bonded together by a cement of mobile electrons.
Electronegativity differentiates the power of one element and its ability to displace or be displaced in an ionic solution by another element of equal positive or negative charge.
With proper grounding of plumbing systems, the above chart demonstrates why ECOsmarte® has no dissimilar metals issues on galvanized pipe applications.
RELATIVE ELECTRONEGATIVITIES OF SOME ELEMENTS(Relative Compactness Scale) | |||||||
| H | 3.55 | k | 0.42 | Rb | 0.36 | Cs | 0.28 |
| Li | 0.74 | Ca | 1.22 | Sr | 1.06 | Ba | 0.78 |
| Be | 2.39 | Zn | 3.00 | Cd | 2.59 | Hg | 2.93 |
| B | 2.93 | Ga | 3.28 | In | 2.84 | T1(I) | 1.89 |
| - | - | - | - | Sn(II) | 2.31 | - | - |
| C | 3.79 | Ge | 3.59 | Sn(IV) | 3.09 | T1(III) | 3.02 |
| N | 4.49 | As | 3.90 | Sb(IV) | 3.34 | Pb(II) | 2.38 |
| O | 5.21 | Se | 4.21 | Te | 3.59 | Pb(IV) | 3.08 |
| F | 5.75 | Br | 4.53 | I | 3.84 | Bi | 3.16 |
| Na | 0.70 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| MG | 1.56 | Sc | 1.30 | Y | 1.05 | La | 0.88 |
| Al | 2.22 | Ti | 1.40 | Zr | 1.10 | Hf | 1.05 |
| Si | 2.84 | V | 1.60 | Nb | 1.36 | Ta | 1.21 |
| P | 3.43 | Cr | 1.88 | Mo | 1.62 | W | 1.39 |
| S | 4.12 | Mn | 2.07 | Tc | 1.80 | Re | 1.53 |
| Cl | 4.93 | Fe | 2.10 | Ru | 1.95 | Os | 1.67 |
| - | - | Co | 2.10 | Rh | 2.10 | Ir | 1.78 |
| - | - | Ni | 2.10 | Pd | 2.29 | Pt | 1.91 |
| - | - | Cu | 2.60 | Ag | 2.57 | Au | 2.57 |
*Values for the transitional elements are tentative estimates only.
Electron Affinity:
The degree of electronegativity, or the extent to which an atom holds valence electrons compared to other atoms of the chemical molecule. The differentiation at this point is like comparing apples to apples: 1. Two identical apples in identical size and appearance yet one outweighs the other because of greater density. 2. Two unequal sized apples, each weighing the same because of varying density. Electronegativity is the variable factor that allows for one Ion of apparent equal value to displace another.Microorganisms vary greatly in form, color, and habits, as well as in size. The variety is enormous. In one classification alone, the Diatomacea, it is estimated there are over 10,000 species, each of which has its own distinctive shape, pattern or design. Some microorganisms live only in sunlight, others thrive in the dark: some are aerobic requiring oxygen for their existence, others are anaerobic and grow in the absence air. They may be mobile or non-mobile. Microorganisms grow, in cold or hot water and even under ice. Microorganisms when introduced in water supplies, cause a variety of problems, many form coatings on piping, reducing flow and restricting valves, pumps, nozzles, or parts of the water distribution system. Filters and water softener media may be contaminated and operation impaired. In over 95% of well water installs to date, We have effectively controlled micro organisms using low level ionization and oxygenating the water with the titanium oxidation electrode.
Microbiological Control
Disagreeable tastes and odors, may be produced either from living microorganisms or their decomposition. Discoloration and staining may be caused by microorganisms, primarily molds and slimes , these growths are difficult to control and exceedingly troublesome as re-infection often occurs. These growths need not be in the source water and may be seeded from the air or other sources. Well water containing iron manganese or sulfur, frequently, have associated bacteria which cause extremely troublesome and clogging growths. Sulfur waters frequently have thread-like growths, which appear on aerators and watering trays. These waters contain elemental sulfur often in colloidal form. This sulfur may be due to the oxidation of the hydrogen sulfide and action by sulfate reducing bacteria, which reduce sulfates to sulfides, and are often responsible for the production of black water.
Destruction, or Prevention of Microorganisms Treatment with Ionization and copper Ions produce kill rates for the following microorganisms at the following dosages in concentrations measured in parts per million. No scientific evidence exists that micro organisms are developing immunity to copper ions as has been well documented with various forms of chlorines.
| Chlorophyceane | Copper ppm rqd |
| Cladophora | 0.50 |
| Closterium | 0.17 |
| Coelastrum | 0.05 - 0.33 |
| Conferva | 0.25 |
| Desmidium | 2.00 |
| Draparnaldia | 0.33 |
| E. coli | 0.20 |
| Entomgplprn | 0.50 |
| Eudorins | 10.00 |
| Hydrodictyon | 0.10 |
| Microspora | 0.40 |
| Palmella | 2.00 |
| Pandorina | 10.00 |
| Raphidiiun | 1.00 |
| Scenedesmus | 1.00 |
| Spirogyra | 0.12 |
| Starastrom | 1.50 |
| Ulothrix | 0.20 |
| Volvox | 0.25 |
| Zygnema | 0.60 |
| Protozoa | Fusaria 1.0 |
| Ceratium | 0.33 |
| Chlamydomonos | 0.50 |
| Cryptomonas | 0.50 |
| Dinobryan | 0.18 |
| Euglena | 0.50 |
| Glenodinium | 0.50 |
| Mallomonas | 0.50 |
| Nematodes | 0.70 - 1.0 |
| Peridinium | 0.50 - 2.00 |
| Synura | 0.12 - 0.25 |
| Uroglena | 0.05 - 0.20 |
| Fungus | |
| Leptornitus | 0.40 |
| Sappolagnia | 0.18 |
| Miscellaneous | |
| Chara | 0.10 - 0.50 |
| Nitella, flexilis | 0.10 - 0.18 |
| Potamogeton | 0.30 - 0.80 |
| Diatoms | |
| Asterionella | 0.12 - 0.20 |
| Fragilaria | 0.25 |
| Melosira | 0.20 |
| Navicitia | 0.07 |
| Nitzchia | 0.50 |
| Synedra | 0.36 - 0.50 |
| Stepbanodiwus | 0.33 |
| Tabellaiia | 0.12 - 0.50 |
E. COLI SITE HISTORIES E. coli killed at 0.1 to 0.2ppm has been observed at pH ranges 6.5 to 8.0 over multiple years on multiple sites confirmed by Watercheck National Testing Labs (Ypsilanti, MI), Spectrum Labs (Minneapolis, MN), MN Department of Health. Additional E. coli after testing has been done by municipal public health inspectors in many states and customers at dozens of sites. The copper ionization residual in the plumbing line is stable to the point of use fixture and is the prudent and proven solution for both Coliform and E. coli applications.
MICROBE AND OTHER SITE HISTORIES Nematodes and pink fusaria have been eliminated in sites where chemicals were not feasible, running .7ppm to 1.0 Cu residuals with targeted filtration media. Robotic process manufacturing, circuit board manufacturing, semiconductor manufacturing in required ultra pure environments. Cu residuals are and must be stable and tested semiconductor industry. Post Reverse Osmosis and Nanofiltration sites bacteria control have been operational for over five years.
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